Civil Engineering Creators Of Our Lifestyles

By blogger on

A broad study of construction science along with a high standard of engineering know-how and duly attained supervisory and administrative skills is what could be called a gist of things that a ought to have. To be known as one of the ancient engineering disciplines civil engineering has covered a long treacherous path while evolving from being the toughest job to being the incredibly toughest job on earth. With improving quality of life there is much demand in the amenities and facilities to be provided to the common people. Also at the same time a has not only to be responsible for the planning, designing and building of these amenities but also has to take care of the maintenance and the safety procedures that follow.

Civil engineering encompasses a spectrum of branches of specialization like structural engineering, water resources management, environmental engineering, constructional engineering, transportation engineering and geo-technical engineering and so on. A quintessential is looked upon for the planning, designing, construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, tunnels, buildings, airports, dams, waterworks, sewage systems, ports and many more. They could either work for private companies or governmental institutions. They could be seen as small private contractors to municipal agencies or may work for military organizations.

Most of the core curriculum starts off with a basic study of physics and calculus which is gradually followed by courses on geology, soil mechanics and fabrication of steel structures. Their impact on our lives is extensive because without these highly skilled our life would be as disorganized as the jungle. We live in a civilization thanks to them and are able to lead top-of-the-class lifestyle on account of their precision to detail on building the most basic amenities of life if not the much complicated ones. They are responsible for our highways, airports, runways, rail stations, wastewater treatment plants, buildings, bridges, tunnels and even oil rigs that bring us valuable petroleum from far depths in the sea. Our dams, canals and water pipeline system that ensures a 24 hr non-stop water supply for our daily needs is all thanks to them.

While building all these they have to ensure that the quality of the material used is right and that there is no room for mistakes since it is for use of the public in large and their safety is the ultimate goal along with convenience and ease of function. There is a huge amount of work that goes into this field of work where both the pre and the post construction activities carry equal weight as does the main constructional activity. The pre-construction activities involve site investigation, feasibility studies, finding solutions to complications that develop in the course of work and the actual designing of the project in question. have certain guidelines to keep note of. Post construction work involves the maintenance and repair of the project.

The Difference between Criminal and Civil Law

By blogger on

There are significant differences between criminal and civil proceedings. This includes the protections due to the defendants, like against ex post facto law. This means that people cannot be punished for acts that were not illegal during the time of its execution; people should not be punished if there is no law punishing such act.

A criminal defendant also has protection from double jeopardy. This means that a defendant who is found not guilty for an offense can’t be charged for the same offense.

These protections are not available for defendants in a civil case. However, in the principle of double jeopardy, the corresponding protection for defendants in a civil case is -res judicata- which means that the plaintiff can only file one claim against one occurrence.

Aside from differences when it comes to the proceedings involved in both civil and criminal cases, it is important to note the significant difference between the legal practitioners that practice these specific lines of defense. In several places and specific states and cities, like Jacksonville, there are law firms available to help people in need of legal advice to determine the proper lawyer they should be contacting. A Jacksonville family lawyer like many others is a good example of a beneficial way to learn more about the difference between a civil and a criminal case.

It is very important to determine first what type of case is at hand. This is necessary because specific lawyers provide for a more powerful legal defense. Although lawyers can be of great help when it comes to general matters, being more specific allows for a greater chance to access knowledge and experience. A Jacksonville criminal attorney can offer adequate advice for clients who are in need of legal advice concerning criminal proceedings.

Although a family lawyer can do the trick, it is still more advisable to be more specific. A Jacksonville family lawyer may be able to determine the criminal aspects of the case, however, no one does it better that a criminal lawyer. Likewise, a criminal attorney may be able to see some of the criminal aspects of a family case, but only a family lawyer can point out the civil aspects more accurately. Therefore, in order to be successful in a specific legal proceeding, it is important to determine the particular differences to be able to choose a more specific person for the job.

When Is Civil Government Properly Constituted

By blogger on

http://www.puritandownloads.com/swrb/

WHEN IS CIVIL GOVERNMENT SO CONSTITUTED THAT CHRISTIANS CAN SWEAR ALLEGIANCE TO IT?

We assume that this is a legitimate subject of inquiry, and we are confident that it is, at the present time, one of much practical importance. The time has gone by, we trust forever, for the false and pernicious dogma-that allegiance is due whatever government exists, irrespective of its moral character-to be maintained by intelligent Christians. With them it is scarcely any longer a serious question, in theory at least, whether or not the divine law is above all human laws. The assumptions of infidelity have become so arrogant, and betray so clearly its purpose to make the will of man supreme, that the religious mind has become aroused in some degree to a sense of the practical value of a truth long treated as an abstraction, receiving only a cold and inoperative assent.

We do not propose, in this article, to contest the point with infidelity. It is wiser to endeavor to harmonize the friends of truth, and persuade them to take the only position from which the common foe can be successfully attacked. Those who, few in number, have contended long for the supremacy of the law of God in civil things, while professed Christians generally are either silent or opposing, have a right to be heard, and should speak out, that their weight may be felt in bringing matters to a proper issue in the great moral conflict already commenced. With this view we propose, in a few particulars, to answer the inquiry at the head of this article.

First: Civil government, in order to receive the allegiance of Christians, should recognize the God of the Bible as the source of power. “King of nations,” (Jer. 10:7), is one of His titles. Is this an unmeaning title, conferring an empty honor on the object of all true fear and worship? Does it not indicate that nations are His subjects-that he rules over them, and that they are under obligation to acknowledge and submit to His authority. But where should this obedience begin, or what is its first act? It is perfectly clear that there cannot be obedience where there is no recognition of the authority to which it is due. The want of this vitiates all that follows, for it is a practical refusal of subjection-a constructive declaration of independence. The title, “King of nations,” and elsewhere, “King of kings,” means more than that God governs nations by His providence as He governs the irrational and inanimate creatures; it asserts his prerogative of ruling them, by his moral law, and it implies the duty on their part of owning Him as their King.

“There is no power but of God: the powers that be, are ordained of God.” Rom. 13:1. The true meaning of these propositions is, that God is the author of civil rule. He has instituted it in His word, and He constitutes it according to His word. When it is so constituted it is a power ordained of God; but when it is not so constituted-when the authority of God is not owned-it is not the higher power to which every soul is commanded to be subject. Of such, God himself says, “They have set up kings, but not by me; they have made them princes, and I knew it not.” Hos. 8:4.

Can Christians be active participants in the sin of disowning the authority of the “King of nations?” Can they ignore the existence of the source of power? What says an enlightened conscience? We are sure its decision will be, they cannot.

Second: In order that Christians may own allegiance to civil government, it must acknowledge the authority of Messiah. This nations are commanded to do under pain of divine displeasure. “Be wise now, therefore, O ye kings: be instructed, ye judges of the earth-kiss the Son, lest he be angry,” (Ps. 2:10,12). The Lord Jesus Christ is appointed heir of all things, (Heb. 1:20). All power in heaven and in earth is given to Him, (Matt. 28:18). He is given to be the head over all things to the Church, (Eph. 1:22). One of His official titles is “Prince of the kings of the earth,” (Rev. 1:5). We need not multiply proofs of the truth that civil rule is put under the Mediator. It is found everywhere in the Bible, and any view of the system of grace that does not include it, is essentially defective.

But are nations under no corresponding obligation? Are not authority and obedience correlate terms? Who will dare to say that though Christ is King of nations, nations are not bound to own Him as their King? or, to say what is not less impious, that though they are bound to acknowledge Him, they may omit to do so and be sinless? We are slow to believe that any thoughtful Christian would hesitate to say that nations sin in not subjecting themselves to Messiah’s authority. Let it be borne in mind that the sin of refusing to submit to the Man of God’s right hand is a sin in the nation’s constitution, interwoven with its very existence. It must also be remembered that all such national sins are the sins of the people of which the nation is constituted. By becoming incorporated with the nation, they become partakers of its sins. They assume formally, and in a manner most clear, the responsibility of a national refusal to kiss the Son. They give their consent to, and unite in, the nation’s treasonable declaration, “We will not have this man to reign over us.”

Now we ask in all earnestness, can Christians, true fearers of God, do this? By their profession they declare that they are on Christ’s side, that they will at all times own Him, and set His glory above every other consideration. How can they reconcile with this declaration made to Him, to the Church, and to the world, their refusal to testify against national dishonor done to Him by disregarding His authority, and what is still worse, their active participation in the great wrong? We are convinced that Christians have not given this subject the conscientious examination its importance demands, or they would not be found in sworn companionship with Christ’s enemies.

Third: A government to which Christians owe allegiance must take the law of God as its rule. This is indeed included in the preceding observations; for in no other way can the authority of God be owned and obeyed. But the importance of the subject demands for it special consideration.

“The Word of God contained in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, is the only rule to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy God.” To the truth of this proposition none who deserve the name of christian will hesitate to subscribe. It forms a part of the symbols of the faith of all Presbyterian Churches in every land. It is taught to their children [or should be!] among their earliest lessons, and its truth and importance commend themselves to every enlightened conscience.

Can it be admitted for a moment that the civil or political acts of men are exceptions to this rule? If so, it would read that the Bible is the only rule, except in civil things, in which the will of the people is the rule. This, though acted out by multitudes, would secure the assent of but few as a bald abstract proposition. In this instance the creed is better than the practice. But it should be remembered that a sound profession is no apology, still less justification, for wrong doing. If Christians unite with a nation that ignores all divine legislation, their creed, however sound; their declaration, however often repeated, that the Word of God is the only rule to direct men, is the merest trifling, that hardly deserves to be called hypocrisy. But in another aspect it is no light matter. “To him that knoweth to do good and doeth it not, to him it is sin,” (James 4:17), is a declaration not without significance and importance to all whose practice contradicts their profession. They at least cannot plead in extenuation of this sin that they did not know that nations are required to obey the divine law, seeing they have placed among the fundamental principles of their faith a proposition that most obviously asserts this truth.

We do not hesitate to say that Christians incorporating with a government that rejects the divine law and places the will of the people or a constitution of their making in its place, practically disown its high claims, and are found in the company of those who deny a great truth clearly taught in the Word of God, and precious to every believer, and which engaging in the service of Christ they have pledged themselves to maintain at all hazard. What saith the Scripture? “The Lord is our Lawgiver, the Lord is our King,” (Isa. 33:22). “There is one Lawgiver, who is able to save and to destroy,” (James 4:12).

Fourth: A government that can receive the allegiance of Christians must give countenance and support to the Church. Can a Christian as a civilian ignore that spiritual institution with which are connected all his interests for eternity? Will he consent in any relation he sustains to place infidelity or a false or corrupted form of religion on a level with the religion that is “pure and undefiled before God and the Father,” to honor “the bride, the Lamb’s wife,” no more than “the mother of harlots?” This is done by every government that does not recognize the Church as a heavenly institution, and is not to her “a nursing father,” (Is. 49:23). And all who swear allegiance to such a government do this under solemnity, and we must add by the perversion, of an oath. What Christian would swear that a nation should not recognize the true Church and distinguish between her and all false systems of religion? From such an oath every pious mind would recoil. And yet how many do not hesitate to do substantially the same thing in a concrete form, by swearing allegiance to a government of which it is a boasted excellence that it makes no distinction between Christianity and infidelity.

“I lay down this maxim of divinity [i.e. theology]; Tyranny being a work of Satan, is not from God, because sin either habitual or actual, is not from God; the power that is, must be from God; the Magistrate as Magistrate, is good, in nature of office, and the intrinsical end of his office, Rom 13:4, for he is the Minister of God for thy good; and therefore an ethical, political, or moral, power to oppress, is not from God, and is not a power, but a licentious deviation of a power, and is no more from God, then a license to sin, but [rather] from sinful nature, and the old serpent.”-Samuel Rutherford. (“Lex,Rex,” 1644).

Religion is the whole Bible: sects pick out a part of it. But what whole? The LIVING whole, to be sure-not the dead whole: the SPIRIT; not the letter.

For information about the Puritans, including free and discounted Puritan books, Puritan MP3s, Puritan digital downloads, and Puritan videos, as well as the Puritan Hard Drive, please visit Still Waters Revival Books at http://www.puritandownloads.com/swrb/.

More detail knowledge about Civil Services Examination and IAS Exam

By blogger on

The beginning of education in ancient India can be traced to the education through the Upanishads and Dharma shastras. The most important contribution of the ancient Indian system of education is the concept of Gurukulas in which the students resided for a number of years in the ashram of the teacher. Fee for education was unheard of, though there was concept of gurudakshina in which the student gave to the teacher, gifts as per his capacity. Along with studies and the preparation for the Civil Services exam the student was expected to work in the daily chores of the ashram. Some of these gurukuls developed into excelled universities. Indian universities such as Takshashila and Nalanda were famous the world over for the standard of scholarship. Ancient Indian education focused upon knowledge, obtaining/ of experience and students exhibited the knowledge obtained through discourses in a concourse of scholars, the objective of education was not merely reading, but the subjective assimilation of knowledge and experience. Sublimation of instincts, spirituality and growth of character and personality were other objectives of study. The syllabus of education during this period included education in writing, agriculture, commerce, cottage industries, animal husbandry, archery, magic: knowledge of reviving the dead, knowledge of animal cries and sounds, prophesy, control over sensuous activities, the bodily gestures medicine, etc.

However, in later periods, the education system tended to become discriminatory and education became out of reach of certain sections of the society including women. Religion acquired more and more importance. The most important facts for the IAS Exam logic and reason were slowly relegated to the background. Superstitions crept into the education system and astrology which had not logical base became a part of curriculum. Advent of Muslims did not affect the Hindu education system which continued in its own way. The Muslims devised their own education system. Arabic and Persian were the medium of instruction. This curriculum was also heavily dominated by theology. However, administrative exigencies on part of both the Hindu subjects as well as Muslim rulers resulted in Hindus learning Persian. This interaction also resulted in development of Urdu language. At the time of British advent in India, the education was community based and in terms of curriculum as well as individuals was heavily dominated by religious elements. Access to education was severely restricted due to social restrictions, lack of awareness and non availability of adequate number of educational institutions. Thus the majority of Indians at this time were illiterate, ignorant and superstitious.

A Brief Overview Of A Civil Marriage Ceremony

By blogger on

Do you find the extravagance and grandeur that form inextricable parts of traditional wedding ceremonies rather unnecessary? Are you from a different religion and/or ethnic background from your partner? If yes, you can easily opt to have a neat and systematic civil marriage. Such a quiet, to-the-point ceremony also finds uniform favor among couples who have busy professional lives, and cannot really spend days preparing for the ceremony. However, there is no reason to assume that civil marriages necessarily have to be dull, boring affairs. In fact, you can make it as informal, sophisticated and stylish as you want!
Just like its conventional counterpart, a civil marriage ceremony also requires careful planning. Given below are a few tips that can make your civil marriage convenient and completely hassle-free:

Get a valid marriage license You cannot get married without a proper, valid license, irrespective of whether you prefer civil marriages or traditional ceremonies. In particular, if you are indeed going in for a civil ceremony, get in touch with the relevant clerks and/or other authorities, who will issue the license. You also need to make sure that no residency requirements are being violated either.

Select a qualified marriage officiant Once you have got the marriage license, you need to get in touch with a wedding commissioner, who would be presiding over the ceremony. You can ask for references from friends, relatives or colleagues, and can even ask for recommendations from clerks. Find out if you need to pay any extra fee to the officiant.

Arrange for a themed civil wedding Just because you are not having a traditional marriage ceremony does not mean that your wedding has to be bland. You can pick a classy theme for the ceremony, which would determine how everyone presents at the occasion, including the bride and the groom, would be dressed.

Choose your vows The exchange of matrimonial vows is probably the most magical component during any wedding ceremony. You and your partner can add a personal touch to the occasion, by preparing your own vows, and reading them on the day of marriage. Alternatively, you can, of course, settle for the regular courthouse vows.

Design attractive invitation cards With the number of guests at a civil wedding being much lower than that in a conventional ceremony, you have ample scope for showcasing your creativity while designing the invitation cards. Send customized invitations to the people who will be present at your wedding, and wow them with the design patterns that you incorporate in them!

Select your wedding venue with care You can choose to have the civil marriage at the office of the registrar itself, or can host the reception ceremony at a separate, carefully chosen, venue. If you are indeed opting for the latter option, check the facilities and services that are available at the concerned venue. You can even arrange for the wedding function to be held at your (or your partners) home.

Arrange for audiovisual displays You can easily add a distinct touch of romance to the overall civil marriage ceremony, by arranging for presentations displaying you and your partner in a few cute, intimate moments. Ideally, such presentations can be set to some melodious music as well. Pictures of the two of you can also be placed at strategic locations in the venue.

A civil marriage ceremony is the ideal option for couples who wish to keep their wedding short and quick, without compromising on any of the magic of the matrimonial function. If any Marriage Legal Requirements required, you can also consult a wedding planner to make your civil wedding all the more beautiful.